Prevalence and Associated Factors of Computer Vision Syndrome Among Academic Staff in the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is the leading occupational hazard of the 21st century, which causes the critical public health issues in the present era. In developing countries, including Ethiopia, data on the proportion and the causes of CVS are scarce among academic staff for policy conclusions. Accordingly, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and factors associated with CVS among academic staff at the University of Gondar. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March to April, 2021. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 525 study participants. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-administered structured questionnaire. The collected data were then entered into EpiData version 4.6 and analyzed using STATA version 14 software. The association between dependent and independent variables was computed with a binary logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of CVS was found to be 78.8% out of a total of 500 participants [95% CI (74.95, 82.30)], of which the majority (71.60%) of them were males. Using a computer for more than 9 years [AOR = 1.65, 95% CI (1.01, 2.71)], using visual display terminals [AOR = 2.63, 95% CI (1.60, 4.32)], and working in improper illumination levels (300 and >500 lux) [AOR = 2.47, 95% CI (1.47, 4.33)] increased the risk of CVS, whereas, Using eye droplets [AOR = 0.30, 95% CI (0.15, 0.58)] and taking rest breaks [AOR = 0.55, 95% CI (0.34-0.92)] were protective factors. Conclusion: This study disclosed that CVS was common among academicians. In the current study, the manifestation of CVS was affected by years of computer use, visual display terminals use, workplace illumination level, rest breaks, and eye droplets. Taking rest breaks in between the work, reducing exposure to display screens, use of eye drops, and optimizing workplace illumination levels are recommended to reduce the problem.

Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five age children in Shanan gibe hospital, Southwest Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is a major health problem in the worldwide. Because of health and socioeconomic problems, the prevalence of anemia is higher in developing countries. However, there was a limited finding in our study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five age children in Shanan Gibe Hospital (SGH), Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted at SGH, Ethiopia using consecutive convenient sampling technique during 1 January to 30 April, 2021. Data was collected by interviewing and capillary blood was taken from the fingertip for hemoglobin determination by using HaemoCue digital photometer. Additionally, stool sample was processed using wet mount and formal-ether concentration technique. Then after, the data were entered to Epidata version 3.1 and analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Factors associated with anaemia were assessed by bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model by considering P < 0.05 as statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 368 under five children were recruited to the study and the current prevalence of anemia was 48.9%. Of this anemia, 25.0% mild, 15.8% moderate and 8.2% were severely anemic. More ever, being rural resident (AOR = 6.11; 95% CI = 1.49-8.99, P = 0.002), family low income (AOR = 6.27, 95% CI = 1.35-11.43, P = 0.004), family size greater than five (AOR = 3.12; 95% CI =1.47-7.11, P = 0.002) and intestinal parasite infections such as Enteameoba histolytica (AOR =3.37; 95%CI = 2.16-11.31, P = 0.005), Hookworm (AOR = 6.09; 95%CI = 2.37-11.56, P = 0.001), and Trichuris trichuria (AOR = 2.79; 95%CI = 1.45-9.13, P = 0.002) (P < 0.05) were factors significantly associated with anemia among under five children. CONCLUSION: The current prevalence of anemia among under five age children is relatively high. On the other hand, the rural residence, large family size, low family income, infection with Enteameoba histolytica, hookworm and Trichuris trichuria were the identified factors associated with anemia among under five children. Therefore, there should be massive and routine deworming program in addition to imperative targeting anemia prevention, and nutritional supplementation to reduce the burden of anemia.

Control of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Success Case Based on Deltamethrin 4% Collars.

The effect of employing collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4% (DM4) to control canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was evaluated. as were the individual factors associated with this infection. A cohort study that included household dogs was conducted between 2002 and 2006. The presence of pathognomonic signals, peridomiciliary sleep habits and breed were the main factors associated with the infection. The use of DM4 collars contributed to the reduction of CVL with an effectiveness of 66%, and the dogs' survival rate was greater than 90% at 50 months. In conclusion, the adoption of DM4 collars reduced the number of euthanized canines and in the incidence of CVL, and this reduction was sustained for one year after discontinuing the use of the collar.

Prevalence and associated factors for frailty among elder patients in China: a multicentre cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: To date, most previous studies of frailty among hospitalized elderly Chinese patients have been conducted based on small samples, which cannot represent the elderly patient population. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of and risk factors for frailty among elderly patients in China. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study surveyed 9996 elderly patients from 6 tertiary-level hospitals in China. The prevalence of frailty among patients from selected wards was surveyed by trained investigators. A mixed-effects Poisson regression model was used to analyse the factors associated with frailty among elderly patients. RESULTS: The mean age of all subjects was 72.47 ± 5.77 years. The prevalence rate of frailty in this study was 18.02%. After adjustments were made for the confounding effect of the clustering of hospital wards, a mixed-effects Poisson regression model showed that the associated factors of frailty included the following: age (OR: 1.016, 95% CI: 1.012-1.020), BMI < 18.5 (OR: 1.248, 95% CI: 1.171-1.330), female gender (OR: 1.058, 95% CI: 1.004-1.115), ethnic minority (OR: 1.152, 95% CI: 1.073-1.236), admission to hospital by the emergency department (OR: 1.104, 95% CI: 1.030-1.184), transit from another hospital (OR: 1.159, 95% CI: 1.049-1.279), former alcohol use (OR: 1.094, 95% CI: 1.022-1.171), fall history in the past 12 months (OR: 1.257, 95% CI: 1.194-1.323), vision dysfunction (OR: 1.144, 95% CI: 1.080-1.211), cognition impairment (OR: 1.182, 95% CI: 1.130-1.237), sleeping dysfunction (OR: 1.215, 95% CI: 1.215-1.318), urinary dysfunction (OR: 1.175, 95% CI: 1.104-1.251), and defecation dysfunction (OR: 1.286, 95% CI: 1.217-1.358). The results also showed some of the following protective effects: BMI > 28 (OR: 0.897, 95% CI: 0.856-0.940); higher education level, including middle school (OR: 0.915, 95% CI: 0.857, 0.977) and diploma and above (OR: 0.891, 95% CI: 0.821, 0.966); and current alcohol use (OR: 0.869, 95% CI: 0.815, 0.927). CONCLUSION: We identified a relatively high prevalence of frailty among elderly patients, and there are several associated factors among the population derived from this investigation of a large-scale, multicentre, nationally representative Chinese elderly inpatient population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800017682, registered 09 August 2018.

[Tobacco use rate and associated factors in middle school students in China].

Objective: To understand tobacco use rate and explore the factors associated with tobacco use in middle school students in China. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 155 117 eligible middle students selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 31 provinces of China. The questionnaire consists of the following topics: tobacco use and cessation, passive smoking, access to tobacco products, tobacco control and tobacco advertisement, and knowledge about and attitudes to tobacco. Software SAS 9.3 was used for sample weighting and data analysis. Results: Current tobacco use rate was 6.9% in middle school students in China. The rate was higher in boys (11.2%) than in girls (2.2%), and in rural area (7.8%) than in urban area (4.8%). Students in western area had the highest tobacco use rate (10.3%), followed by the students in middle area (6.4%), and the rate in students in eastern area was lowest (4.5%). Parent smoking (especially mother smoking), friend smoking, teacher smoking, pocket money for a week>20 yuan, tobacco advertisement or promotion, passive smoking, misconception of tobacco addiction, active attitude to smoking behavior were the risk factors for tobacco use. Conclusions: Smoking rate in boys in China was higher than the average global level. A comprehensive intervention strategy by Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should be used to reduce tobacco use in adolescents, including health education, increasing cigarette price, banning tobacco advertisement and promotion, and smoke-free legislation.

Tobacco use rate and associated factors in middle school students in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand tobacco use rate and explore the factors associated with tobacco use in middle school students in China.Methods A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 155 117 eligible middle students selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 31 provinces of China.The questionnaire consists of the following topics:tobacco use and cessation,passive smoking,access to tobacco products,tobacco control and tobacco advertisement,and knowledge about and attitudes to tobacco.Software SAS 9.3 was used for sample weighting and data analysis.Results Current tobacco use rate was 6.9％ in middle school students in China.The rate was higher in boys (11.2％) than in girls (2.2％),and in rural area (7.8％) than in urban area (4.8％).Students in western area had the highest tobacco use rate (10.3％),followed by the students in middle area (6.4％),and the rate in students in eastern area was lowest (4.5％).Parent smoking (especially mother smoking),friend smoking,teacher smoking,pocket money for a week ＞ 20 yuan,tobacco advertisement or promotion,passive smoking,misconception of tobacco addiction,active attitude to smoking behavior were the risk factors for tobacco use.Conclusions Smoking rate in boys in China was higher than the average global level.A comprehensive intervention strategy by Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should be used to reduce tobacco use in adolescents,including health education,increasing cigarette price,banning tobacco advertisement and promotion,and smoke-free legislation.

Tobacco use rate and associated factors in middle school students in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand tobacco use rate and explore the factors associated with tobacco use in middle school students in China.Methods A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 155 117 eligible middle students selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 31 provinces of China.The questionnaire consists of the following topics:tobacco use and cessation,passive smoking,access to tobacco products,tobacco control and tobacco advertisement,and knowledge about and attitudes to tobacco.Software SAS 9.3 was used for sample weighting and data analysis.Results Current tobacco use rate was 6.9％ in middle school students in China.The rate was higher in boys (11.2％) than in girls (2.2％),and in rural area (7.8％) than in urban area (4.8％).Students in western area had the highest tobacco use rate (10.3％),followed by the students in middle area (6.4％),and the rate in students in eastern area was lowest (4.5％).Parent smoking (especially mother smoking),friend smoking,teacher smoking,pocket money for a week ＞ 20 yuan,tobacco advertisement or promotion,passive smoking,misconception of tobacco addiction,active attitude to smoking behavior were the risk factors for tobacco use.Conclusions Smoking rate in boys in China was higher than the average global level.A comprehensive intervention strategy by Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should be used to reduce tobacco use in adolescents,including health education,increasing cigarette price,banning tobacco advertisement and promotion,and smoke-free legislation.

Patient delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in China: findings of case detection projects.

OBJECTIVE: 1) To assess patient delay among new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients in accessing health services in seven FIDELIS (Fund for Innovative DOTS Expansion through Local Initiatives to Stop TB) projects from 2003 to 2008 in China; 2) to compare treatment delay by province; and 3) to assess factors associated with delay. METHOD: Records of new smear-positive PTB patients were reviewed. Data sources were the consultation book, laboratory register, patient record, treatment card and the PWLAHS (people with limited access to health services) evaluation form. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire, cross-checked by staff from the sites and by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) and analysed by The Union. RESULTS: Of the 75 401 new smear-positive PTB patients included in the study, 63-89% were PWLAHS. The average gross domestic product of the project sites and at national level were respectively US$557 and US$998. The median patient delay was 93 days (range 68-128). Delays were longer among females, older patients, rural residents and PWLAHS. Delayed access to health services was significantly associated with a greater number of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Patient delay in accessing health care in China was lengthy; TB care and control needs to be improved.

Objectif : Evaluer le délai d'accès aux services des santé de nouveaux patients atteints de tuberculose pulmonaire (TBP) à frottis positif détectés au sein de sept projets FIDELIS (Fund for Innovative DOTS Expansion through Local Initiatives to Stop TB) exécutés en Chine entre 2003 et 2008 ; 2) comparer les retards du traitement par province ; et 3) évaluer les facteurs associés aux retards.Méthode : Les dossiers des patients TPB à frottis positif ont été revus. Les données émanaient du registre des consultations, de celui du laboratoire, des dossiers des patients, des cartes de traitement et des formulaires d'évaluation des personnes ayant un accès limité aux services de santé (PWLAHS). Les données ont été recueillies grâce à un questionnaire standard et vérifiées par le personnel des sites et de l'Union Internationale contre la Tuberculose et les Maladies Respiratoires (L'Union) et analysées par L'Union.Résultats : De 75 401 nouveaux patients atteints de TBP à frottis positif, 63­89% étaient des PWLAHS. Le produit intérieur brut moyen des sites du projet et du niveau national était de 557 et 998 $US respectivement. Le délai médian d'accès aux soins était de 93 jours (extrêmes 68­128). Ce délai était plus long pour les femmes, les patients âgés, les résidents ruraux et ceux estimés être des PWLAHS. Ce délai d'accès aux services était significativement associé à un nombre de symptômes plus élevé.Conclusions : Le délai d'accès aux services de santé en Chine est long et offre des opportunités d'amélioration en matière de lutte contre la TB et de traitement.

Objetivo: 1) Evaluar el retraso en el acceso a los servicios de salud de los pacientes en quienes se diagnosticó tuberculosis pulmonar (TBP) con baciloscopia positiva en siete centros del Proyecto FIDELIS (Fondo para la Expansión Innovadora de DOTS por conducto de Iniciativas Locales a fin de poner Alto a la Tuberculosis) del 2003 al 2008 en la China; 2) comparar el retraso en el tratamiento entre provincias; y 3) evaluar los factores asociados con estos retrasos.Método: Se analizaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes con TBP y baciloscopia positiva. Las fuentes de los datos fueron los libros de consulta, el registro de laboratorio, las historias clínicas, las tarjetas de tratamiento y el formulario de evaluación de las personas con acceso limitado a los servicios de salud. Se recogieron los datos mediante un cuestionario normalizado y verificado que analizaron profesionales de los centros locales y de la Unión contra la Tuberculosis y las Enfermedades Respiratorias.Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 75 401 casos nuevos de TBP con baciloscopia positiva. El producto interno bruto promedio por habitante a escala de los centros del proyecto era 557 USD y a escala nacional era 998 USD. De los pacientes con TB, entre el 63% y el 89% contaban con un acceso limitado a los servicios de salud. La mediana del retraso de los pacientes en acceder a la atención fue 93 días (extremos 68 a 128 días). Los retrasos fueron más prolongados en las mujeres, los pacientes de mayor edad, los residentes en zonas rurales y las personas que se calificaron con un acceso limitado a los servicios sanitarios. El acceso tardío a los servicios de salud se asoció de manera significativa con una mayor cantidad de síntomas.Conclusión: Se observó un retraso considerable de los pacientes para acceder a la atención de salud; esta situación ofrece oportunidades para mejorar la atención y el control de la TB.

Factores asociados al pie diabético en pacientes ambulatorios. Centro de Diabetes Cardiovascular del Caribe. Barranquilla (Colombia) / Factors associated with diabetic foot outpatients. Cardiovascular Diabetes Center of the Caribbean Barranquilla (Colombia)

Objetivos: Establecer los factores asociados a la presencia de pie diabético en pacientes atendidos en el Centro de Diabetes Cardiovascular del Caribe en Barranquilla (Atlántico, Colombia), en el periodo julio-octubre de 2009. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico de casos y controles. Se tomó como muestra a 200 pacientes, entre hombres y mujeres, atendidos en el Centro de Diabetes Cardiovascular del Caribe; 100 de ellos eran pacientes con pie diabético y otros 100 con diabetes sin la presencia de pie diabético. Se aplicó una encuesta de 27 preguntas a cada uno de ellos para determinar los factores relacionados con la aparición de pie diabético. La tabulación y análisis de los datos se hizo de manera computarizada, utilizando el software Epi Info versión 6.04d y el paquete Microsoft Office 2003. Resultados: La macroangiopatía y la microangiopatía fueron importantes en la presencia del pie diabético (OR = 44.33; p = 0.000 y OR = 13.62; p = 0.00 respectivamente), la neuropatía (OR = 10.14; p = 0.00) y la deformidad de los pies (OR = 10.02; p = 0.00) se asociaron significativamente al pie diabético. Se encontró como factor protector el autocuidado (OR = 0.21; p = 0.00000) y la educación relacionada con el control de factores de riesgo para la diabetes (OR = 0.32; p = 0.00007). Conclusión: La macroangiopatía, la microangiopatía, la neuropatía y la deformidad en los pies se comportaron como factores asociados a la presencia del pie diabético. El autocuidado contribuyó a la prevención del mismo.

Objective: To establish the factors associated with the presence of diabetic foot in patients treated at the Centro de Diabetes Cardiovascular del Caribe in Barranquilla (Atlántico), July-October 2009. Materials and methods: Analytical study of cases and controls. It was taken as a sample 200 patients, men and women, treated at the Centro de Diabetes Cardiovascular del Caribe in Barranquilla; 100 with presence of diabetes food, and 100 without of presence of diabetic foot; A twenty-seven question survey was done to each patient; whose objective was to determine the factor related to diabetic foot. The tabulation and analysis of data were computed using the software Epi Info version 6.04d and the Microsoft Office 2003 package. Results: The macroangiopaty and the microangiopaty were important in diabetic foot presence (OR = 44.33; p = 0.000 y OR = 13.62; p = 0.00 respective), the neuropathy (OR = 10.14; p = 0.00) and the foot deformity (OR = 10.02; p= 0.00) were associated significantly. Self-care was found to be a protective factor (OR = 0.21; p = 0.00). Conclusions: The macroangiopaty, the microangiopaty, the neuropathy and the feet deformity were considered as associated factors to the presence of diabetic foot disease. Self-care contributed to the prevention of the disease.

Consulta prenatal: motivos de inasistencia, ¿se justifica? / Prenatal care: non attendance causes, is it justified?

Conocer qué factores personales (epidemiológicos, socioeconómicos), institucionales y médicos están relacionados con la inasistencia a la consulta prenatal. Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital "Dr. Adolfo Prince Lara", Puerto Cabello, Estado Carabobo. Estudio descriptivo epidemiológico, analítico de corte transversal, basado en una entrevista-encuesta, en 1000 pacientes que en el embarazo actual o pasado no se controlaron durante el año 2008. En factores epidemiológicos, predominó residencia en barrios (57,2 por ciento), educación secundaria (59,7 por ciento), estado civil soltera (48,1 por ciento) y la edad entre 20-29 años (40,4 por ciento). Con los factores sociales, dominó el domicilio lejano (52,3 por ciento), en los económicos, el desempleo (27,3 por ciento) y en la educación prenatal, el desconocimiento de la importancia del control (48,8 por ciento). En los factores institucionales fue determinante el ambiente inadecuado de la consulta (39,2 por ciento) y la ubicación lejana del centro de salud (19,3 por ciento). En factores de atención médica refirieron, consulta de baja calidad (29,8 por ciento), seguida de la opinión de pocas horas de consulta (23,2 por ciento). La falta a la consulta prenatal está relacionada con múltiples factores, esto conlleva a la instauración de actividades educativas, incluye desarrollar acciones efectivas para elevar la calidad de vida, rescate de programas preventivos de salud, además de reparación y dotación de las instalaciones de salud; sin olvidar mejoras del acto médico

To know what personal (epidemiological, socioeconomic), institutional and medical factors are related to non attendance to prenatal care. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital "Dr. Adolfo Prince Lara", Puerto Cabello, Estado Carabobo. Descriptive, epidemiological, analytical, transversal study, based in a interview-survey, in 1000 patients with no prenatal care in the actual or previous pregnancy during 2008. In epidemiological factors, prevailed suburb residency (57.2 percent), high school education (59.7 percent), marital status single (48.1 percent), and age between 20-29 years (40.4 percent). In social factors, predominated distant residence (52.3 percent), in the economical, unemployment (27.3 percent) and in prenatal education, ignorance of the importance of the prenatal care (48.8 percent). In the institutional factors was determinant unappropriated environment (39.2 percent) and distant location of the health center (19.3 percent). In the medical attention factors, reported low quality of the consultation (29.8 percent), followed by few hours of attendance (23.2 percent). The lack of prenatal care is related to multiple factors, that suggest the instauration of educative activities to elevate the life quality, rescue of the health preventive programs, and repairing and equip of health infrastructure; without forget the improvement of the medical act